Tobacco & Nicotine

Tobacco & Nicotine

烟草是一种因其叶子而种植的植物,叶子在被制成烟草之前要经过干燥和发酵 put in tobacco products. 烟草含有尼古丁,这种成分会导致 上瘾,这就是为什么很多吸烟的人很难戒掉. 烟草中还有许多其他潜在的有害化学物质 by burning it.

How do people use tobacco?

People can smoke, chew, or sniff tobacco. Smoked tobacco products include cigarettes, cigars, bidis, and kreteks. 有些人还用烟斗或水烟抽松散的烟草 (water pipe). 咀嚼烟草制品包括咀嚼烟草、鼻烟、蘸料和鼻烟; snuff can also be sniffed.

 

How does tobacco affect the brain?

当人们使用烟草制品时,任何烟草制品中的尼古丁都很容易被血液吸收 it. 一旦进入血液,尼古丁会立即刺激肾上腺 release the hormone epinephrine (adrenaline). Epinephrine stimulates the central nervous 增加血压、呼吸和心率. As with drugs such 与可卡因和海洛因一样,尼古丁会激活大脑的奖赏回路,也会增加 levels of the chemical messenger dopamine, which reinforces rewarding behaviors. Studies suggest that other chemicals in tobacco 烟雾,如乙醛,可能会增强尼古丁对大脑的影响.

 

What are other health effects of tobacco use?

虽然尼古丁会让人上瘾,但烟草使用对健康的严重影响大多来自吸烟 from other chemicals. 吸烟会导致肺癌、慢性支气管炎、 and emphysema. 它会增加患心脏病的风险,从而导致中风或 heart attack. 吸烟还与其他癌症、白血病、白内障、 Type 2 Diabetes, and pneumonia. All of these risks apply to use of any smoked product, including hookah tobacco. 无烟烟草尤其会增加患癌症的风险 mouth cancers.

孕妇吸烟会增加流产和死胎的风险 或者早产儿,或者出生体重过低的婴儿. Smoking while pregnant may 也与接触过的儿童的学习和行为问题有关.

站在或坐在吸烟者旁边的人也会暴露在二手烟中 来自烟草制品燃烧端或吸烟者呼出的烟雾 smoking. 二手烟暴露也会导致肺癌和心脏病. 它会导致成人和儿童的健康问题,比如咳嗽、痰多、 reduced lung function, pneumonia, and bronchitis. Children exposed to secondhand smoke 耳部感染、严重哮喘、肺部感染和死亡的风险是否增加 from sudden infant death syndrome.

Electronic Cigarettes
 

电子烟,也被称为电子烟或电子汽化器,是由电池驱动的 将尼古丁与调味剂和其他化学物质一起输送到肺部的设备 vapor instead of smoke. 电子烟公司经常宣传它们比传统香烟更安全 cigarettes because they don't burn tobacco. But researchers actually know little about the health risks of using these devices.

 

How does tobacco use lead to addiction?

对于许多吸烟的人来说,持续接触尼古丁会导致大脑发生变化 result in addiction. 当一个人试图戒烟时,他或她可能会有戒断症状, including:

  • irritability
  • problems paying attention
  • trouble sleeping
  • increased appetite
  • powerful cravings for tobacco
 

How can people get treatment for nicotine addiction?

行为治疗和药物治疗都可以帮助人们戒烟,但两者结合 药物治疗与心理咨询相结合比单独用药更有效.

The U.S. 卫生与公众服务部建立了一个全国免费电话 戒烟热线,1-800-立即戒烟,作为任何寻求信息的人的接入点 and help in quitting smoking.

Behavioral Treatments

行为治疗使用多种方法来帮助人们戒烟,包括 from self-help materials to counseling. These treatments teach people to recognize 高风险情况,并制定应对策略. For example, people 和其他吸烟者在一起的人吸烟的可能性更大,戒烟的可能性更小.

 

Nicotine Replacement Therapies

尼古丁替代疗法(nrt)是美国最早将其应用于临床的药物.S. Food and 药物管理局(FDA)批准用于戒烟治疗.

目前fda批准的NRT产品包括口香糖、透皮贴剂、鼻喷雾剂、 inhalers, and lozenges. nrt提供控制剂量的尼古丁来缓解戒断反应 symptoms while the person tries to quit.

Other Medications

Bupropion (Zyban®) and varenicline (Chantix®)是fda批准的两种帮助人们戒烟的非尼古丁药物. 它们以大脑中的尼古丁受体为目标,缓解戒断症状和阻滞 the effects of nicotine if people start smoking again.

Can a person overdose on nicotine?

尼古丁是有毒的,虽然不常见,但也有可能过量. An overdose occurs 当一个人使用过多的药物并产生毒性反应,导致严重的, harmful symptoms or death. 尼古丁中毒通常发生在年幼的儿童身上 不小心咀嚼尼古丁口香糖或戒烟贴片或吞下电子烟 liquid. 症状包括呼吸困难、呕吐、昏厥、头痛、虚弱、 and increased or decreased heart rate. Anyone concerned that a child or adult might 如果尼古丁摄入过量,应立即寻求医疗帮助.

Reports of Deaths Related to Vaping

The Food and Drug Administration has alerted 公众对数百起与电子烟有关的严重肺部疾病的报道, including several deaths. 他们正在与疾病控制中心合作 预防中心(CDC)调查这些疾病的原因. Many of the suspect 各州或联邦卫生官员检测的产品已被确定为 含有四氢大麻酚的电子烟产品,四氢大麻酚是大麻中主要的精神药物成分. Some of the patients reported a mixture of THC and nicotine; and some reported vaping nicotine alone. 在所有测试的样本中都没有发现任何一种物质,但确实如此 尚不清楚这些疾病是否与一种化合物有关. Until more details are 众所周知,FDA官员已经警告人们不要在网上购买任何电子烟产品 他们警告不要修改在商店购买的任何产品. They are also asking people and health professionals to report any adverse effects.

Content Editor:
Jordan Frazer
530-895-2441